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Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15: 485493. Semino et al. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. IK thanks the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grant 08-06-97011 and the Grant of the President of the Russian Federation of state support for young Russian scientists MK-488.2006.4. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA : Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny. Because SNPs provide the most reliable method of categorization, each is allowed to represent an official G category. Distribution. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. This group has been linked with the Crypto-Jewish population which fled to the island during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, of which a significant portion are identifiable as G-Z725 (DYS388=13). Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. SR thanks the Estonian Science Foundation for grant 7445 and M Metspalu for grant 8973. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons. OS thanks the Italian Ministry of the University: Progetti Ricerca Interesse Nazionale 2009 and FIRB-Futuro in Ricerca 2008 and Fondazione Alma Mater Ticinensins. The most commonly occurring subclades are G1* (M285) and many subclades of G2 (G-P287), especially: G2a (P15), G2a1 (G-FGC7535, formerly G-L293), G2a2b2a (G-P303) formerly G2a3b1); G2a2b1 (G-M406) formerly G2a3a; G2a2b2a1 (G-L140) formerly G2a3b1a; G2a2b2a1a1b (G-L497) formerly G2a3b1a2; G2a2b2a1a1a1 (G-L13) formerly G2a3b1a1a; G2a2b2a1a1c1a (G-CTS5990 or G-Z1903) formerly G2a3b1a3; G2b (G-M3115) and; G2b1 (G-M377), formerly G2b. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates. G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. The SNP L177 (a.k.a. Haplogroup H ASD0 is the average squared difference in the number of repeats between all current chromosomes of a sample and the founder haplotype, which is estimated as the median of current haplotypes. The haplogroups contain many branches called subhaplogroups or subclades. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. Digora, North Ossetia has the highest known concentration of G in a single city, as 74% of the tested men were G.[14] Haplogroup G is found as far east as northern China in small percentages where G can reach more substantial percentages in minority groups such as the Uyghurs. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. The South Ossetians and Svans generally south of North Ossetia have significant number of G2a1 persons, but population percentages have not yet been provided. Its age is between 7,700 and . ), Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Haplogroup G-M201 | Familypedia | Fandom More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. Haplogroup G2a (Y-DNA) - Facebook Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in Southeast Europe. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. . Moreover, these general frequencies mostly consist of two notable lineages. The phylogenetic relationships of the various sub-haplogroups investigated are shown in Figure 1. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Armenian DNA Project - News | FamilyTreeDNA Name: G-L14 Age: 7800 ybp 1700 CI 95% Expansion: 5200 ybp 1900 CI 95% Parent: G-L1 Note: This information does not imply an endorcement of YFull or their methods. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Interestingly, the decrease of hg G frequency towards the eastern European populations inhabiting the area adjacent to NW Caucasus, such as southern Russians and Ukrainians,18, 40 is very rapid and the borderline very sharp, indicating that gene flow from the Caucasus in the northern direction has been negligible. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. For this are several indications. Samples from persons with British Isles, Sicilian and Turkish ancestry have been identified. Samples have been identified in England, Germany, Montenegro (Bosniak), Spain, Cyprus (Greek), Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Lebanon, Syria and Kuwait. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. The P303 SNP defines the most frequent and widespread G sub-haplogroup. G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA) Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. EKK thanks the Russian Academy of Sciences Program for Fundamental Research Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pools, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for state contracts P-325 and 02.740.11.07.01, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grants 04-04-48678- and 07-04-01016-. [38][self-published source?] Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. Men with the haplogroup G marker moved into Europe in Neolithic times. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F et al. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. Google Scholar. White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. [Origin of European 3/6] First Farmer of Europe and Y-DNA Haplogroup G ISSN 1018-4813 (print), Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus, Subdividing Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1 reveals Norse Viking dispersal lineages in Britain, Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia, Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia, Origin and diffusion of human Y chromosome haplogroup J1-M267, Bidirectional dispersals during the peopling of the North American Arctic, The role of matrilineality in shaping patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA sequence variation in southwestern Angola, Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians, Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48, Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians, http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/, Population genetic study of 17 Y-STR Loci of the Sorani Kurds in the Province of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, Phylogenetic history of patrilineages rare in northern and eastern Europe from large-scale re-sequencing of human Y-chromosomes, Sex-biased patterns shaped the genetic history of Roma, Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas, Cancel